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Health Risk Assessment Sources

The following references were used in the development of the Health Mirror Risk Assessment.

Alcohol

  1. Ellenhorn MJ, Schonwald S, Ordog G, Wasserberger J, & Ellenhorn SS. (1997). Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and treatment of human poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

  2. Hwang MY. (April 1999). "Do you have a drinking problem?" JAMA Patient Page. The Journal of the American Medical Association vol. 218, No 14.

  3. Mayfield D, McLeod G, and Hall P. (1974). The CAGE questionnaire: Validation of a new alcoholism instrument. Am J Psychiatry 131:1121-1123.

  4. Scott James R, Disaia PJ, Hammond CB, & Spellacy WN, eds. (1994). Danforth's Obstetrics and Gynecology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott Company.

Breast cancer

  1. Bain C, Speizer FE, Rosner B, et al. Family history of breast cancer as a risk indicator for the disease. Am J Epidemiology. 1980; 111:301-308.

  2. Crabbe WW. The tamoxifen controversy. Oncol Nurs Forum, 1996 Jun;23(5):761-6.

  3. Dupont WD, Page DL. Risk factors for breast cancer in women with proliferative breast disease. N Engl J Med. 1985; 312:146-151.

  4. Gammon MD, John EM, Britton JA. Recreational and occupational physical activities and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1998 Jan 21;90(2):100-17.

  5. Henderson BE. Endogenous and exogenous endocrine factors. In: Henderson IC, ed. Endogenous and Exogenous Endocrine Factors. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1989:577-598.

  6. Henderson HI. Breast Cancer. In: Murphy GP, Lawrence W, Lenhard RE, ed. American Cancer Society Textbook of Clinical Oncology. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; 1995:198-219.

  7. Kuerer HM, Cunningham JD, Brower ST, Tartter PI. Breast carcinoma associated with pregnancy and lactation. Surg Oncol, 1997 Aug;6(2):93.

  8. Lambe M, Hsieh CC, Tsaih SW, Ekbom A, Trichopoulos D, Adami HO. Parity, age at first birth and the risk of carcinoma in situ of the breast. Int J Cancer 1998 Jul 29;77(3):330-2.

  9. Longnecker MP, Berlin JA, Orza MJ, ChalmersTC. A meta-analysis of alcohol consumption in relatin to risk of breast cancer. JAMA. 1988; 260:652-656.

  10. Re A, Taylor TH, DiSaia PJ, Anton-Culver H. Risk for breast and colorectal cancers subsequent to cancer of the endometrium in a population-based case series. Gynecol Oncol, 1997 Aug;66(2):255-7.

  11. Romieu I, Berlin JA, Colditz G. Oral Contraceptives and breast cancer,: review and meta-analysis. Cancer. 1990;66:2253-2263.

  12. Sanchez MA. Ethnic differences in risk and prognosis factors for breast cancer. Cancer, 1996 Feb 1;77(3):593-4.

  13. Seidman H, Mushinski MH, Gelb SK, et al. Probabilities of eventually developing or dying of cancer: United States, 1985. CA Cancer J Clin. 1985; 35: 36-56. (data from SEER Program)

  14. Snyderwine EG, et al. Diet and mammary gland carcinogenesis, Recent Results. Cancer Res 1998;152:3-10.

  15. Steinburg KK, Thacker SB, Smith SJ, et al. A meta-analysis of the effect of estrogen replacement therapy on the risk of breast cancer. JAMA. 1991; 265-1985-1990.

  16. Trentham-Dietz A, Newcomb PA, Storer BE, Longnecker MP, Baron J, Greenberg ER, Willett C. Body size and risk of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1997 Jun 1;145(11):1011-9.

  17. U.S. Preventive ServicesTask Force (USPSTF). Breast Cancer Screening. 2002. Accessed on the World Wide Web at http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspsbrca.htm

  18. American Cancer Society. Detailed Guide: Breast Cancer. Can Breast Cancer Be Found Early?. 2003 Oct. Accessed on the World Wide Web at http://www.cancer.org/

  19. National Cancer Insititute, National Institutues of Health. What You Need To Know About Breast Cancer. 2003 Sept. Accessed on the World Wide Web at http://cancer.gov/cancerinfo/wyntk/breast#B1

Cervical cancer

  1. Cerqueira EM, Santoro CL, Donozo NF, Freitas BA, Pereira CA, Bevilacqua RG & Machado-Santelli GM. (1998 May-Jun). Genetic damage in exfoliated cells of the uterine cervix. Association and interaction between cigarette smoking and progression to malignant transformation?. Acta Cytol, 42(3), 639-49.

  2. Gawande VV, Wahab SN, Zodpey SP & Vasudeo ND. (1998 Dec). Risk factors for cancer cervix: a case control study. Indian J Cancer, 35(4), 164-70.

  3. Giuliano AR, Papenfuss M, Nour M, Canfield LM, Schneider A & Hatch K. (1997 Nov). Antioxidant nutrients: associations with persistent human papillomavirus infection. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 6(11), 917-23.

  4. Hemminki K, Dong C & Vaittinen P. (1999 Sep 9). Familial risks in cervical cancer: is there a hereditary component?. Int J Cancer, 82(6), 775-81.

  5. Hildesheim A, Hadjimichael O, Schwartz PE, Wheeler CM, Barnes W, Lowell DM, Willett J & Schiffman M. (1999 Mar). Risk factors for rapid-onset cervical cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 180(3 Pt 1), 571-7.

  6. Hirose K, Hamajima N, Takezaki T, Kuroishi T, Kuzuya K, Sasaki S, Tokudome S & Tajima K. (1998 Mar). Smoking and dietary risk factors for cervical cancer at different age group in Japan. J Epidemiol, 8(1), 6-14.

  7. Parazzini F, Chatenoud L, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Franceschi S & Bolis G. (1998 Mar). Determinants of risk of invasive cervical cancer in young women. Br J Cancer, 77(5), 838-41.

  8. Schaffer P. (1997 Oct). [Epidemiology of cervical and endometrial cancer]. Bull Acad Natl Med, 181(7), 1347-62; discussion 1363-4.

  9. Schoell WM, Janicek MF & Mirhashemi R. (1999 Apr-May). Epidemiology and biology of cervical cancer. Semin Surg Oncol, 16(3), 203-11.

  10. U.S. Preventive ServicesTask Force (USPSTF). Cervical Cancer Screening. 2003. Accessed on the World Wide Web at http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspscerv.htm

Colon cancer

  1. Biasco G, Brandi G, Paganelli GM, Rossini FP, Santucci R, Di Febo G, Miglioli M, Risio M, Morselli Labate AM & Barbara L. (1995 Apr 15). Colorectal cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis. A prospective cohort study in Italy. Cancer, 75(8), 2045-50.

  2. Bruce WR, Wolever TM & Giacca A. (2000). Mechanisms linking diet and colorectal cancer: the possible role of insulin resistance [In Process Citation] Nutr Cancer, 37(1), 19-26.

  3. Caan BJ, Coates AO, Slattery ML, Potter JD, Quesenberry CP Jr & Edwards SM. (1998 Feb). Body size and the risk of colon cancer in a large case-control study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 22(2), 178-84.

  4. Colditz GA, Atwood KA, Emmons K, Monson RR, Willett WC, Trichopoulos D & Hunter DJ. (2000 Jul). Harvard report on cancer prevention volume 4: Harvard Cancer Risk Index. Risk Index Working Group, Harvard Center for Cancer Prevention [In Process Citation]Cancer Causes Control, 11(6), 477-88.

  5. Colditz GA, Cannuscio CC & Frazier AL. (1997 Jul). Physical activity and reduced risk of colon cancer: implications for prevention. Cancer Causes Control, 8(4), 649-67.

  6. Collet JP, Sharpe C, Belzile E, Boivin JF, Hanley J & Abenhaim L. (1999 Sep). Colorectal cancer prevention by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: effects of dosage and timing [see comments]. Br J Cancer, 81(1), 62-8.

  7. de Verdier MG & Longnecker MP. (1992 Jan). Eating frequency--a neglected risk factor for colon cancer? Cancer Causes Control, 3(1), 77-81.

  8. Dukas L, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Fuchs CS, Rosner B & Giovannucci EL. (2000 May 15). Prospective study of bowel movement, laxative use, and risk of colorectal cancer among women. Am J Epidemiol, 151(10), 958-64.

  9. Fasouliotis SJ & Schenker JG. (2000 Jun). BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations: decision-making dilemmas concerning testing and management. Obstet Gynecol Surv, 55(6), 373-84.

  10. Frommel TO, Dyavanapalli M, Oldham T, Kazi N, Lietz H, Liao Y & Mobarhan S. (1997 Feb). Effect of aspirin on prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 production in human colonic mucosa from cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res, 3(2), 209-13.

  11. Garabrant DH, Peters RK & Homa DM. (1992 Apr 15). Asbestos and colon cancer: lack of association in a large case-control study. Am J Epidemiol, 135(8), 843-53.

  12. Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ & Willett WC. (1995 Mar 1). Physical activity, obesity, and risk for colon cancer and adenoma in men. Ann Intern Med, 122(5), 327-34.

  13. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA & Willett WC. (1995 Feb 15). Alcohol, low-methionine--low-folate diets, and risk of colon cancer in men [see comments]. J Natl Cancer Inst, 87(4), 265-73.

  14. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Ascherio A & Willett WC. (1994 May 1). Intake of fat, meat, and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men. Cancer Res, 54(9), 2390-7.

  15. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Fuchs C, Rosner BA, Speizer FE & Willett WC. (1998 Oct 1). Multivitamin use, folate, and colon cancer in women in the Nurses' Health Study [see comments]. Ann Intern Med, 129(7), 517-24.

  16. Hemminki K, Vaittinen P & Kyyronen P. (1999 Apr). Modification of cancer risk in offspring by parental cancer (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control, 10(2), 125-9.

  17. Hu FB, Manson JE, Liu S, Hunter D, Colditz GA, Michels KB, Speizer FE & Giovannucci E. (1999 Mar 17). Prospective study of adult onset diabetes mellitus (type 2) and risk of colorectal cancer in women. J Natl Cancer Inst, 91(6), 542-7.

  18. Itzkowitz SH. (1997 Mar). Inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. Gastroenterol Clin North Am, 26(1), 129-39.

  19. Jacobs EJ & White E. (1998 Jul). Constipation, laxative use, and colon cancer among middle-aged adults [see comments]. Epidemiology, 9(4), 385-91.

  20. Jakobsson K, Horstmann V & Welinder H. (1993 Mar). Mortality and cancer morbidity among cement workers.Br J Ind Med, 50(3), 264-72.

  21. Kleibeuker JH, Cats A, van der Meer R, Lapre JA & de Vries EG. (1994 Mar-Apr). Calcium supplementation as prophylaxis against colon cancer?. Dig Dis, 12(2), 85-97.

  22. Kotake K, Koyama Y, Nasu J, Fukutomi T & Yamaguchi N. (1995 Oct). Relation of family history of cancer and environmental factors to the risk of colorectal cancer: a case-control study. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 25(5), 195-202.

  23. Kune GA, Kune S & Watson LF. (1989). Dietary sodium and potassium intake and colorectal cancer risk. Nutr Cancer, 12(4), 351-9.

  24. La Vecchia C, Braga C, Franceschi S, Dal Maso L & Negri E. (1999). Population-attributable risk for colon cancer in Italy. Nutr Cancer, 33(2), 196-200.

  25. La Vecchia C, D'Avanzo B, Negri E & Franceschi S. (1991). History of selected diseases and the risk of colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer, 27(5), 582-6.

  26. La Vecchia C, Negri E, Decarli A & Franceschi S. (1997 Dec). Diabetes mellitus and colorectal cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 6(12), 1007-10.

  27. La Vecchia C, Negri E, Franceschi S & D'Avanzo B. (1993). Moderate beer consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer. Nutr Cancer, 19(3), 303-6.

  28. Lee IM, Manson JE, Ajani U, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Hennekens CH & Buring JE. (1997 Jul). Physical activity and risk of colon cancer: the Physicians' Health Study (United States). Cancer Causes Control, 8(4), 568-74.

  29. Martinez ME, Heddens D, Earnest DL, Bogert CL, Roe D, Einspahr J, Marshall JR & Alberts DS. (1999 Jun 2). Physical activity, body mass index, and prostaglandin E2 levels in rectal mucosa. J Natl Cancer Inst, 91(11), 950-3.

  30. Martinez ME, Maltzman T, Marshall JR, Einspahr J, Reid ME, Sampliner R, Ahnen DJ, Hamilton SR & Alberts DS. (1999 Oct 15). Risk factors for Ki-ras protooncogene mutation in sporadic colorectal adenomas. Cancer Res, 59(20), 5181-5.

  31. Moore MA, Kunimoto T, Park CB & Tsuda H. (1999 Jun). Cross-country comparisons suggest shared risk factors for carcinomas, including male lung adenocarcinoma and colon cancer development. Lung Cancer, 24(3), 149-55.

  32. Murata M, Tagawa M, Watanabe S, Kimura H, Takeshita T & Morimoto K. (1999 Jul). Genotype difference of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene in alcohol drinkers influences the incidence of Japanese colorectal cancer patients. Jpn J Cancer Res, 90(7), 711-9.

  33. Nanda K, Bastian LA, Hasselblad V & Simel DL. (1999 May). Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol, 93(5 Pt 2), 880-8.

  34. Neugut AI, Lee WC, Garbowski GC, Waye JD, Forde KA, Treat MR & Fenoglio-Preiser C. (1991 Mar 6). Obesity and colorectal adenomatous polyps. J Natl Cancer Inst, 83(5), 359-61.

  35. Neugut AI, Murray TI, Garbowski GC, Forde KA, Treat MR, Waye JD & Fenoglio-Preiser C. (1991 Oct 1). Cholecystectomy as a risk factor for colorectal adenomatous polyps and carcinoma. Cancer, 68(7), 1644-7.

  36. Newcomb PA, Taylor JO & Trentham-Dietz A. (1999 Aug). Interactions of familial and hormonal risk factors for large bowel cancer in women [In Process Citation] Int J Epidemiol, 28(4), 603-8.

  37. Platz EA, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D & Giovannucci E. (2000 Aug). Proportion of colon cancer risk that might be preventable in a cohort of middle-aged US men [In Process Citation]PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE. Cancer Causes Control, 11(7), 579-88.

  38. Potter JD. (1996 Jan). Nutrition and colorectal cancer. Cancer Causes Control, 7(1), 127-46.

  39. Rahman MI, Gibson-Shreve LD, Yuan Z & Morris HA. (1996 Oct). Selections from current literature: cholelithiasis, cholecystectomy and the risk of colorectal cancer. Fam Pract, 13(5), 483-7.

  40. Reddy BS. (1995 Jan). Nutritional factors and colon cancer. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 35(3), 175-90.

  41. Ruffin MT 4th, Krishnan K, Rock CL, Normolle D, Vaerten MA, Peters-Golden M, Crowell J, Kelloff G, Boland CR & Brenner DE. (1997 Aug 6). Suppression of human colorectal mucosal prostaglandins: determining the lowest effective aspirin dose. J Natl Cancer Inst, 89(15), 1152-60.

  42. Seifeldin R & Hantsch JJ. (1999 Aug). The economic burden associated with colon cancer in the United States [In Process Citation] Clin Ther, 21(8), 1370-9.

  43. Singh PN & Fraser GE. (1998 Oct 15). Dietary risk factors for colon cancer in a low-risk population. Am J Epidemiol, 148(8), 761-74.

  44. Slattery ML, Caan BJ, Anderson KE & Potter JD. (1999 Apr 12). Intake of fluids and methylxanthine-containing beverages: association with colon cancer. Int J Cancer, 81(2), 199-204.

  45. Slattery ML, Potter JD, Samowitz W, Bigler J, Caan B & Leppert M. (1998 Dec). NAT2, GSTM-1, cigarette smoking, and risk of colon cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 7(12), 1079-84.

  46. Stormorken AT, Apold J, Heimdal K & Moller P. (1999 Oct 30). [Hereditary colorectal cancer]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen, 119(26), 3933-6.

  47. Suadicani P, Hein HO & Gyntelberg F. (1993 Jun). Is the use of antihypertensives and sedatives a major risk factor for colorectal cancer?. Scand J Gastroenterol, 28(6), 475-81.

  48. Tang R, Wang JY, Lo SK & Hsieh LL. (1999 Aug 12). Physical activity, water intake and risk of colorectal cancer in Taiwan: a hospital-based case-control study. Int J Cancer, 82(4), 484-9.

  49. Thun MJ. (1996 Jun). NSAID use and decreased risk of gastrointestinal cancers. Gastroenterol Clin North Am, 25(2), 333-48.

  50. Thun MJ, Calle EE, Namboodiri MM, Flanders WD, Coates RJ, Byers T, Boffetta P, Garfinkel L & Heath CW Jr. (1992 Oct 7). Risk factors for fatal colon cancer in a large prospective study [see comments]. J Natl Cancer Inst, 84(19), 1491-500.

  51. Thun MJ, Namboodiri MM, Calle EE, Flanders WD & Heath CW Jr. (1993 Mar 15). Aspirin use and risk of fatal cancer [see comments]. Cancer Res, 53(6), 1322-7.

  52. Vineis P & McMichael A. (1996 Jul). Interplay between heterocyclic amines in cooked meat and metabolic phenotype in the etiology of colon cancer. Cancer Causes Control, 7(4), 479-86.

  53. Ward MH, Sinha R, Heineman EF, Rothman N, Markin R, Weisenburger DD, Correa P & Zahm SH. (1997 Mar 28). Risk of adenocarcinoma of the stomach and esophagus with meat cooking method and doneness preference. Int J Cancer, 71(1), 14-9.

  54. Weisburger JH. (1997 Jul). Dietary fat and risk of chronic disease: mechanistic insights from experimental studies. J Am Diet Assoc, 97(7 Suppl), S16-23.

  55. West DW, Slattery ML, Robison LM, Schuman KL, Ford MH, Mahoney AW, Lyon JL & Sorensen AW. (1989 Nov). Dietary intake and colon cancer: sex- and anatomic site-specific associations. Am J Epidemiol, 130(5), 883-94.

  56. Willett WC. (1998 Aug). Dietary fat intake and cancer risk: a controversial and instructive story. Semin Cancer Biol, 8(4), 245-53.

  57. Zahm SH, Cocco P & Blair A. (1991 Jul). Tobacco smoking as a risk factor for colon polyps. Am J Public Health, 81(7), 846-9.

  58. U.S. Preventive ServicesTask Force (USPSTF). Colorectal Cancer Screening. 2002. Accessed on the World Wide Web at http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspscolo.htm

Depression

  1. Carlson G. (2000 Dec). The challenge of diagnosing depression in childhood and adolescence. J Affect Disord, 61(Suppl 1), 3-8.

  2. Cochran S, Mays V. (2000 Apr). Lifetime prevalence of suicide symptoms and affective disorders among men reporting same-sex sexual partners: results from NHANES III. Am J Public Health, 90(4), 573-8.

  3. Cornwall P, Scott J. (2000 Nov). Which clinical practice guidelines for depression? An overview for busy practitioners. Br J Gen Pract, 50(460), 908-11.

  4. Fergusson D, Horwood L, Beautrais A. (1999 Oct). Is sexual orientation related to mental health problems and suicidality in young people? Arch Gen Psychiatry, 56(10), 876-80.

  5. Gilbody S, House A, Sheldon T. (2001 Feb). Routinely administered questionnaires for depression and anxiety: systematic review. BMJ, 322(7283), 406-9.

  6. Kearney-Cooke A. (1999 May-Jun). Gender differences and self-esteem. J Gend Specif Med, 2(3), 46-52.

  7. Marcus S, Barry K, Flynn H, Tandon R, Greden J. (2001 Jan). Treatment guidelines for depression in pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 72(1), 61-70.

  8. McQuillan C, Rodriguez J. (2000 Jan-Mar). Adolescent suicide: a review of the literature. Bol Asoc Med P R, 92(1-3), 30-8.

  9. Safren S, Heimberg R. (1999 Dec). Depression, hopelessness, suicidality, and related factors in sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychol, 67(6), 859-66.

  10. Salmon P. (2001 Feb). Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress: a unifying theory. Clin Psychol Rev, 21(1), 33-61.

  11. Simon G, Barber C, Birnbaum H, Frank R, Greenberg P, Rose R, Wang P, Kessler R. (2001 Jan). Depression and work productivity: the comparative costs of treatment versus nontreatment. J Occup Environ Med, 43(1), 2-9.

  12. Vahle V, Andresen E, Hagglund K. (2000 Dec). Depression measures in outcomes research. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 81(12 Suppl 2), S53-62.

  13. Van Heeringen C, Vincke J. (2000 Nov). Suicidal acts and ideation in homosexual and bisexual young people: a study of prevalence and risk factors. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 35(11), 494-9.

  14. Weller E, Weller R. (2000 Dec). Depression in adolescents growing pains or true morbidity? J Affect Disord, 61(Suppl 1(2)), 9-13.

  15. Rush AJ, Gullion CM, Basco MR, Jarrett RB, Trivedi MH. The Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS): psychometric properties. Psychol Med. 1996 May;26(3):477-86.

  16. Rush AJ, Hiser W, Giles DE. A comparison of self-reported versus clinician-related symptoms in depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1987 Jun;48(6):246-8.

Heart health

  1. Ascherio A, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Master C, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Trans-fatty acids intake and risk of myocardial infarction. Circulation 1994 Jan;89(1):94-101.

  2. Carlson LA, Bottiger LE, Ahfeldt PE. Risk factors for myocardial infarction in the Stockholm prospective study. A 14-year follow-up focusing on the role of plasma triglycerides and cholesterol. Acta Med Scand 1979;206(5):351-60.

  3. Cushman M, Costantino JP, Tracy RP, Song K, Buckley L, Roberts JD, Krag DN. Tamoxifen and cardiac risk factors in healthy women: Suggestion of an anti-inflammatory effect. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001 Feb;21(2):255-61.

  4. Dardes RC, Jordan VC. Novel agents to modulate oestrogen action. Br Med Bull 2000;56(3):773-86.

  5. Eaker ED, Pinsky J, Castelli WP. Myocardial infarction and coronary death among women: psychosocial predictors from a 20-year follow-up of women in the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol 1992 Apr 15;135(8):854-64

  6. Farmer IP, Meyer PS, Ramsey DJ, Goff DC, Wear ML, Labarthe DR, Nichaman MZ. Higher levels of social support predict greater survival following acute myocardial infarction: the Corpus Christi Heart Project. Behav Med 1996 Summer;22(2):59-66.

  7. Gordon T, Kannel WB, Hjortland MC, McNamara PM. Menopause and coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 1978 Aug;89(2):157-61

  8. Hammar N, Alfredsson L, Johnson JV. Job strain, social support at work, and incidence of myocardial infarction. J Occup Environ Med 1998 Aug;55(8):548-53.

  9. Haynes SG, Feinleib M, Kannel WB. The relationship of psychosocial factors to coronary heart disease in the Framingham Study. III. Eight-year incidence of coronary heart disease. Am J Epidemiol 1980 Jan;111(1):37-58

  10. Johansson S, Rosengren A, Tsipogianni A, Ulvenstam G, Wiklund I, Wilhelmsen L. Physical inactivity as a risk factor for primary and secondary coronary events in Goteborg, Sweden. Eur Heart J 1988 Nov;9 Suppl L:8-19

  11. Jordan VC. Progress in the prevention of breast cancer: concept to reality. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2000 Nov 30;74(5):269-77.

  12. Kannel WB. Lipids, diabetes, and coronary heart disease: insights from the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 1985 Nov;110(5):1100-7.

  13. Leon AS, Connett J, Jacobs DR Jr, Rauramaa R, Leisure-time physical activity levels and risk of coronary heart disease and death. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. JAMA 1987 Nov 6;258(17):2388-95.

  14. Lundberg V, Stegmayr B, Asplund K, Eliasson M, Huhtasaari F. Diabetes as a risk factor for myocardial infarction: population and gender perspectives. J Intern Med 1997 Jun;241(6):485-92.

  15. Manson JE, Tosteson H, Ridker PM, Satterfield S, Hebert P, O'Connor GT, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. The primary prevention of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1992 May 21;326(21):1406-16.

  16. Martin CR, Johnson CS, Cobb C, Tatter D, Haywood LJ. Myocardial infarction in sickle cell disease. J Natl Med Assoc 1996 Jul;88(7):428-32.

  17. Reis SE, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, Tan-Chiu E, Wang J, Kavanah M. Cardiovascular effects of tamoxifen in women with and without heart disease: breast cancer prevention trial. National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Breast Cancer Prevention Trial Investigators. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001 Jan 3;93(1):16-21.

  18. Roncaglioni MC, Santoro L, D'Avanzo B, Negri E, Nobili A, Ledda A, Pietropaolo F, Franzosi MG, La Vecchia C, Feruglio GA, et al. Role of family history in patients with myocardial infarction. An Italian case-control study. GISSI-EFRIM Investigators. Circulation 1992 Jun;85(6):2065-72

  19. Rosengren A, Wedel H, Wilhelmsen L. Body weight and weight gain during adult life in men in relation to coronary heart disease and mortality. A prospective population study. Eur Heart J 1999 Feb;20(4):269-77

  20. Sexton MJ, Gherman RB. Selective estrogen receptor modulators: the ideal estrogen replacement? Prim. Care Update Ob Gyns 2001 Jan;8(1):25-30.

  21. Welin CL, Rosengren A, Wilhelmsen LW. Social relationships and myocardial infarction: a case-control study. J Cardiovasc Risk 1996 Apr;3(2):183-90.

  22. Yuksel H, Guzelsoy D, Yazicioglu N, Senocak M, Ozturk M, Demiroglu C. Long-term prognosis after a first myocardial infarction in Turkey: determinants of mortality and reinfarction. Cardiology 1994;84(4-5):345-55.

  23. National Cholesterol Education Program, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Third Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) Executive Summary. 2002. Accessed on the World Wide Web at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/cholesterol/index.htm

  24. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Check Your Cholesterol and Heart Disease I.Q. NIH publication No. 95-3794. 1995. 

  25. U.S. Preventive ServicesTask Force (USPSTF). High Blood Pressure Screening. 2003. Accessed on the World Wide Web at http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspshype.htm

  26. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. NIH publication no. 30-5233. 2003 May. Accessed on the World Wide Web at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/hypertension/index.htm

Melanoma

  1. Andrey M. (1999 Jun). [Enjoying the sun well protected]. Ther Umsch, 56(6), 287-9.

  2. Bergenmar M, Brandberg Y. (2001 Oct). Sunbathing and sun-protection behaviors and attitudes of young Swedish adults with hereditary risk for malignant melanoma. Cancer Nurs 24(5), 341-50.

  3. Burke KE. The value of sunscreens. Int J Dermatol. 1999 Feb;38(2):88-90.

  4. Chen YT, Dubrow R, Zheng T, Barnhill RL, Fine J & Berwick M. (1998 Oct). Sunlamp use and the risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma: a population- based case-control study in Connecticut, USA. Int J Epidemiol, 27(5), 758-65.

  5. Elwood JM & Jopson J. (1997 Oct 9). Melanoma and sun exposure: an overview of published studies. Int J Cancer, 73(2), 198-203.

  6. Friedman RJ, et al., Malignant Melanoma of the 1990s: The continued importance of early detection and the role of physician examination and self examination of the skin. CA 41:201, 1991.

  7. Itin PH. (1999 Jun). [Risk factors for the development of malignant melanomas]. Ther Umsch, 56(6), 298-301.

  8. Koh HK. Preventive strategies and research for ultraviolet-associated cancer. Environ Health Perspect. 1995 Nov;103 Suppl 8:255-7.

  9. Liu T, et al. Epidemiology of malignant melanoma. Surg Clin North Am. 1996 Dec;76(6):1205-22.

  10. Naylor MF, et al. The case for sunscreens. A review of their use in preventing actinic damage and neoplasia. Arch Dermatol. 1997 Sep;133(9):1146-54.

  11. Weinstock MA. (1999 Sep). Do sunscreens increase or decrease melanoma risk: an epidemiologic evaluation. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc, 4(1), 97-100.

Nutrition

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  2. Aronow WS & Ahn C. (1997 Nov 1). Association between plasma homocysteine and coronary artery disease in older persons. Am J Cardiol, 80(9), 1216-8.

  3. Bachrach LK. (1993 Aug). Bone mineralization in childhood and adolescence. Curr Opin Pediatr, 5(4), 467-73.

  4. Bidlack WR. (1996 Oct). Interrelationships of food, nutrition, diet and health: the National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges White Paper. J Am Coll Nutr, 15(5), 422-33.

  5. Carter LM & Whiting SJ. (1997 Oct). Effect of calcium supplementation is greater in prepubertal girls with low calcium intake. Nutr Rev, 55(10), 371-3.

  6. Celotti F & Bignamini A. (1999 Jan-Feb). Dietary calcium and mineral/vitamin supplementation: a controversial problem. J Int Med Res, 27(1), 1-14.

  7. Coombs, GF Jr. The Vitamins: Fundamental Aspects of Nutrition and Health. 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press; 1998:393.

  8. Cournot MP & Hercberg S. (1993 Jan 15). [Prevention of mineral deficiencies (iron, calcium and magnesium)]. Rev Prat, 43(2), 141-5.

  9. Dalery K, Lussier-Cacan S, Selhub J, Davignon J, Latour Y & Genest J Jr. (1995 Jun 1). Homocysteine and coronary artery disease in French Canadian subjects: relation with vitamins B12, B6, pyridoxal phosphate, and folate. Am J Cardiol, 75(16), 1107-11.

  10. Dawson-Hughes B. (1991 Jul). Calcium supplementation and bone loss: a review of controlled clinical trials. Am J Clin Nutr, 54(1 Suppl), 274S-280S.

  11. Devine A, Dick IM, Heal SJ, Criddle RA & Prince RL. (1997). A 4-year follow-up study of the effects of calcium supplementation on bone density in elderly postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int, 7(1), 23-8.

  12. Devine A, Prince RL & Bell R. (1996 Nov). Nutritional effect of calcium supplementation by skim milk powder or calcium tablets on total nutrient intake in postmenopausal women [see comments]. Am J Clin Nutr, 64(5), 731-7.

  13. Faine MP. (1995 Jan). Dietary factors related to preservation of oral and skeletal bone mass in women. J Prosthet Dent, 73(1), 65-72.

  14. Jacques PF, Selhub J, Bostom AG, Wilson PW & Rosenberg IH. (1999 May 13). The effect of folic acid fortification on plasma folate and total homocysteine concentrations. N Engl J Med, 340(19), 1449-54.

  15. Kardinaal AF, Ando S, Charles P, Charzewska J, Rotily M, Vaananen K, Van Erp-Baart AM, Heikkinen J, Thomsen J, Maggiolini M, Deloraine A, Chabros E, Juvin R & Schaafsma G. (1999 Apr). Dietary calcium and bone density in adolescent girls and young women in Europe. J Bone Miner Res, 14(4), 583-92.

  16. Keller C, Fullerton J & Mobley C. (1999 May). Supplemental and complementary alternatives to hormone replacement therapy. J Am Acad Nurse Pract, 11(5), 187-98.

  17. Key JD & Key LL Jr. (1994 Aug). Calcium needs of adolescents. Curr Opin Pediatr, 6(4), 379-82.

  18. Knowledge and use of folic acid by women of childbearing age--United States, 1995. (1995 Sep 29). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 44(38), 716-8.

  19. Knowledge and use of folic acid by women of childbearing age--United States, 1997. (1997 Aug 8). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 46(31), 721-3.

  20. Lobo A, Naso A, Arheart K, Kruger WD, Abou-Ghazala T, Alsous F, Nahlawi M, Gupta A, Moustapha A, van Lente F, Jacobsen DW & Robinson K. (1999 Mar 15). Reduction of homocysteine levels in coronary artery disease by low-dose folic acid combined with vitamins B6 and B12. Am J Cardiol, 83(6), 821-5.

  21. Maggiolini M, Bonofiglio D, Giorno A, Catalano S, Marsico S, Aquila S & Ando S. (1999 Jun). The effect of dietary calcium intake on bone mineral density in healthy adolescent girls and young women in southern Italy. Int J Epidemiol, 28(3), 479-84.

  22. McCully KS. (1969 Jul). Vascular pathology of homocysteinemia: implications for the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. Am J Pathol, 56(1), 111-28.

  23. Murray RK, Granner DK, Mayes PA, & Rodwell VW. (1996). Harper's biochemistry. 24th edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

  24. Nieves JW, Komar L, Cosman F & Lindsay R. (1998 Jan). Calcium potentiates the effect of estrogen and calcitonin on bone mass: review and analysis [see comments]. Am J Clin Nutr, 67(1), 18-24.

  25. Recker RR. (1993). Prevention of osteoporosis: calcium nutrition. Osteoporos Int, 3 Suppl 1, 163-5.

  26. Recommendations for the use of folic acid to reduce the number of cases of spina bifida and other neural tube defects. (1992 Sep 11). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 41(RR-14), 1-7.

  27. Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, Gamble GD & Sharpe SJ. (1993 Feb 18). Effect of calcium supplementation on bone loss in postmenopausal women [see comments] [published erratum appears in N Engl J Med 1993 Oct 21;329(17):1281]. N Engl J Med, 328(7), 460-4.

  28. Robinson K, Arheart K, Refsum H, Brattstrom L, Boers G, Ueland P, Rubba P, Palma-Reis R, Meleady R, Daly L, Witteman J & Graham I. (1998 Feb 10). Low circulating folate and vitamin B6 concentrations: risk factors for stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and coronary artery disease. European COMAC Group [see comments]. Circulation, 97(5), 437-43.

  29. Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M & Ross AC, eds. (1999). Modern nutrition in health and disease. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

  30. Smith EL, Gilligan C, Smith PE & Sempos CT. (1989 Oct). Calcium supplementation and bone loss in middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr, 50(4), 833-42.

  31. Use of folic acid for prevention of spina bifida and other neural tube defects--1983-1991. (1991 Aug 2). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 40(30), 513-6.

  32. Uusi-Rasi K, Sievanen H, Vuori I, Pasanen M, Heinonen A & Oja P. (1998 Jan). Associations of physical activity and calcium intake with bone mass and size in healthy women at different ages. J Bone Miner Res, 13(1), 133-42.

  33. Wardlaw GM. (1998.) Perspectives in Nutrition. 4th ed. McGraw-Hill.

  34. Whiting SJ, Wood R & Kim K. (1997 Apr). Calcium supplementation. J Am Acad Nurse Pract, 9(4), 187-92.

  35. Windham CT, Wyse BW, Hurst RL & Hansen RG. (1981 Jun). Consistency of nutrient consumption patterns in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc, 78(6), 587-95.

  36. World Cancer Research Fund. (1997). Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer: A global perspective. Washington DC: The American Institute for Cancer Research.

Osteoporosis

  1. Abrams SA, Silber TJ, Esteban NV, Vieira NE, Stuff JE, Meyers R, Majd M & Yergey AL. (1993 Aug). Mineral balance and bone turnover in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. J Pediatr, 123(2), 326-31.

  2. Agostoni C, Rottoli A, Trojan S & Riva E. (1994 Mar-Apr). Dairy products and adolescent nutrition. J Int Med Res, 22(2), 67-76.

  3. Arden NK, Baker J, Hogg C, Baan K & Spector TD. (1996 Apr). The heritability of bone mineral density, ultrasound of the calcaneus and hip axis length: a study of postmenopausal twins. J Bone Miner Res, 11(4), 530-4.

  4. Barzel US & Massey LK. (1998 Jun). Excess dietary protein can adversely affect bone [see comments]. J Nutr, 128(6), 1051-3.

  5. Bikle DD, Genant HK, Cann C, Recker RR, Halloran BP & Strewler GJ. (1985 Jul). Bone disease in alcohol abuse. Ann Intern Med, 103(1), 42-8.

  6. Devine A, Dick IM, Heal SJ, Criddle RA & Prince RL. (1997). A 4-year follow-up study of the effects of calcium supplementation on bone density in elderly postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int, 7(1), 23-8.

  7. Gidwani GP. (1999 Jun). Amenorrhea in the athlete. Adolesc Med, 10(2), 275-90, vii.

  8. Goodman CE. (1985 Apr). Osteoporosis: protective measures of nutrition and exercise. Geriatrics, 40(4), 59-60, 65-7, 70.

  9. Hillers VN & Massey LK. (1985 Feb). Interrelationships of moderate and high alcohol consumption with diet and health status. Am J Clin Nutr, 41(2), 356-62.

  10. Kerstetter JE, O'Brien KO & Insogna KL. (1998 Oct). Dietary protein affects intestinal calcium absorption. Am J Clin Nutr, 68(4), 859-65.

  11. Krebs NF, Reidinger CJ, Robertson AD & Brenner M. (1997 Jun). Bone mineral density changes during lactation: maternal, dietary, and biochemical correlates. Am J Clin Nutr, 65(6), 1738-46.

  12. Leblanc AD, Schneider VS, Evans HJ, Engelbretson DA & Krebs JM. (1990 Aug). Bone mineral loss and recovery after 17 weeks of bed rest. J Bone Miner Res, 5(8), 843-50.

  13. Lonzer MD, Imrie R, Rogers D, Worley D, Licata A & Secic M. (1996 Apr). Effects of heredity, age, weight, puberty, activity, and calcium intake on bone mineral density in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila), 35(4), 185-9.

  14. Martin AD, Bailey DA, McKay HA & Whiting S. (1997 Sep). Bone mineral and calcium accretion during puberty. Am J Clin Nutr, 66(3), 611-5.

  15. Nelson ME, Fisher EC, Dilmanian FA, Dallal GE & Evans WJ. (1991 May). A 1-y walking program and increased dietary calcium in postmenopausal women: effects on bone. Am J Clin Nutr, 53(5), 1304-11.

  16. Nilsson BE & Westlin NE. (1973 Jan-Feb). Changes in bone mass in alcoholics. Clin Orthop, 90, 229-32.

  17. Rao DR, Bello H, Warren AP & Brown GE. (1994 Jul). Prevalence of lactose maldigestion. Influence and interaction of age, race, and sex. Dig Dis Sci, 39(7), 1519-24.

  18. Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, Gamble GD & Sharpe SJ. (1993 Feb 18). Effect of calcium supplementation on bone loss in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med, 328(7), 460-4.

  19. Siddiqui NA, Shetty KR & Duthie EH Jr. (1999 Sep). Osteoporosis in older men: discovering when and how to treat it. Geriatrics, 54(9), 20-2, 27-8, 30 passim.

  20. Stallings VA, Oddleifson NW, Negrini BY, Zemel BS & Wellens R. (1994 May). Bone mineral content and dietary calcium intake in children prescribed a low-lactose diet. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 18(4), 440-5.

  21. Turner LW, Taylor JE & Hunt S. (1998). Predictors for osteoporosis diagnosis among postmenopausal women: results from a national survey. J Women Aging, 10(3), 79-96.

  22. Weaver CM, Proulx WR & Heaney R. (1999 Sep). Choices for achieving adequate dietary calcium with a vegetarian diet. Am J Clin Nutr, 70(3 Suppl), 543S-548S.

  23. West RV. (1998 Aug). The female athlete. The triad of disordered eating, amenorrhoea and osteoporosis. Sports Med, 26(2), 63-71.

  24. U.S. Preventive ServicesTask Force (USPSTF). Osteoporosis Screening. 2002. Accessed on the World Wide Web at http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspsoste.htm

  25. National Institutes of Health, Clinical Information Center, Clinical Nutrition Service. Facts About Dietary Supplements, Vitamin D. 2002 Dec. Accessed on the World Wide Web at http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/supplements/vitd.html#what

  26. Shihadeh A, Boztepe H, Tanakol R, Yarman S, Azizlerli H, Sandalci O. Sunlight exposure and vitamin D deficiency in Turkish women. J Endocrinol Invest. 2000 Mar;23(3):173-7.

  27. Guzel R, Kozanoglu E, Guler-Uysal F, Soyupak S, Sarpel T. Vitamin D status and bone mineral density of veiled and unveiled Turkish women. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2001 Oct;10(8):765-70.

  28. Grootjans-Geerts I, Wielders JP. A pilot study of hypovitaminosis D in apparently healthy, veiled, Turkish women: severe vitamin D deficiency in 82%. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2002 Jun 8;146(23):1100-1.

  29. Diamond TH, Levy S, Smith A, Day P. High bone turnover in Muslim women with vitamin D deficiency. Med J Aust. 2002 Aug 5;177(3):139-41.

  30. Abdullah MA, Salhi HS, Bakry LA, Okamoto E, Abomelha AM, Stevens B, Mousa FM. Adolescent rickets in Saudi Arabia: a rich and sunny country. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jul-Aug;15(7):1017-25.

Pregnancy outcome: demographic and environmental

Obesity and pregnancy

  1. de Groot LC. (1999 Feb). High maternal body weight and pregnancy outcome. Nutr Rev, 57(2), 62-4.

  2. Jensen H, Agger AO & Rasmussen KL. (1999 Oct). The influence of prepregnancy body mass index on labor complications. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 78(9), 799-802.

  3. Morin KH. (1998 Jul-Aug). Perinatal outcomes of obese women: a review of the literature. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 27(4), 431-40.

  4. Ogunyemi D, Hullett S, Leeper J & Risk A. (1998 Jul-Aug). Prepregnancy body mass index, weight gain during pregnancy, and perinatal outcome in a rural black population. J Matern Fetal Med, 7(4), 190-3.

Younger age at pregnancy

  1. Orvos H, Nyirati I, Hajdu J, Pal A, Nyari T & Kovacs L. (1999). Is adolescent pregnancy associated with adverse perinatal outcome?. J Perinat Med, 27(3), 199-203.

  2. Reichman NE & Pagnini DL. (1997 Nov-Dec). Maternal age and birth outcomes: data from New Jersey [published erratum appears in Fam Plann Perspect 1998 May-Jun;30(3):127]. Fam Plann Perspect, 29(6), 268-72, 295.

Older age at pregnancy

  1. Reichman NE & Pagnini DL. (1997 Nov-Dec). Maternal age and birth outcomes: data from New Jersey [published erratum appears in Fam Plann Perspect 1998 May-Jun;30(3):127]. Fam Plann Perspect, 29(6), 268-72, 295.

  2. Scholz HS, Haas J & Petru E. (1999 Oct). Do primiparas aged 40 years or older carry an increased obstetric risk?. Prev Med, 29(4), 263-6.

  3. Wadhera S & Millar WJ. (1996 Summer). Pregnancy outcomes. Health Rep, 8(1), 7-15 (Eng); 7-16 (Fre).

Athletic training and pregnancy

  1. Bung P, Spatling L, Huch R & Huch A. (1988 Jul). [Performance training in pregnancy. Report of respiratory and cardiovascular physiologic changes in a pregnant high-performance athlete in comparison with a sample of normal pregnant patients]. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd, 48(7), 500-11.

  2. Hale RW & Milne L. (1996 Aug). The elite athlete and exercise in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol, 20(4), 277-84.

Prenatal care

  1. Gissler M & Hemminki E. (1994 Jul). Amount of antenatal care and infant outcome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 56(1), 9-14.

  2. Reichman NE & Kenney GM. (1998 Jul-Aug). Prenatal care, birth outcomes and newborn hospitalization costs: patterns among Hispanics in New Jersey. Fam Plann Perspect, 30(4), 182-7, 200.

  3. Rogers MM, Peoples-Sheps MD & Suchindran C. (1996 Aug). Impact of a social support program on teenage prenatal care use and pregnancy outcomes. J Adolesc Health, 19(2), 132-40.

Folate and neural tube defects

  1. Werler MM, Shapiro S & Mitchell AA. (1993 Mar 10). Periconceptional folic acid exposure and risk of occurrent neural tube defects [see comments]. JAMA, 269(10), 1257-61.

Pregnancy outcome: infectious

HIV and pregnancy

  1. (1999 Feb). Recommendations for antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy: prevention for the child; treatment for the mother. Prescrire Int, 8(39), 24-8.

  2. Brockleburst P. (1999 Nov). The mode of delivery and the risk of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type I--a meta-analysis of 15 prospective cohort studies. J Pediatr, 135(5), 649.

  3. McGowan JP, Crane M, Wiznia AA & Blum S. (1999 Nov). Combination antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus- infected pregnant women [In Process Citation]. Obstet Gynecol, 94(5 Pt 1), 641-6.

  4. Stephenson J. (1999 Aug 18). Perinatal HIV prevention. JAMA, 282(7), 625.

Herpes

  1. Berland M. (1991 Nov). [Genital herpes and childbirth]. Rev Fr Gynecol Obstet, 86(11), 639-43.

  2. Brown ZA, Selke S, Zeh J, Kopelman J, Maslow A, Ashley RL, Watts DH, Berry S, Herd M & Corey L. (1997 Aug 21). The acquisition of herpes simplex virus during pregnancy. N Engl J Med, 337(8), 509-15.

  3. Catalano PM, Merritt AO & Mead PB. (1991 May). Incidence of genital herpes simplex virus at the time of delivery in women with known risk factors. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 164(5 Pt 1), 1303-6.

Hepatitis B

  1. Golebiowska M, Kardas-Sobantka D, Chlebna-Sokol D & Sabanty W. (1999 Apr). Hepatitis B vaccination in preterm infants. Eur J Pediatr, 158(4), 293-7.

  2. Lee SD & Lo KJ. (1998 Sep). Control of hepatitis B virus infection by vaccination: the Taiwan experience. Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih (Taipei), 61(9), 501-6.

  3. Pierce RL, Smith S, Rowe-West B & Sterritt B. (1999 Jun). Hepatitis B maternal screening, infant vaccination, and infant prophylaxis practices in North Carolina. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 153(6), 619-23.

Hepatitis C

  1. Burns DN & Minkoff H. (1999 Dec). Hepatitis C: screening in pregnancy [In Process Citation]. Obstet Gynecol, 94(6), 1044-8.

  2. Duff P. (1998 Aug). Hepatitis in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol, 22(4), 277-83.

  3. Freitag-Koontz MJ. (1996 Sep). Prevention of hepatitis B and C transmission during pregnancy and the first year of life. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs, 10(2), 40-55.

  4. Herzog S, Meden H, Harms K & Kuhn W. (1996 Nov-Dec). [Obstetric aspects of maternal hepatitis C infection]. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol, 200(6), 227-31.

  5. Soulie JC. (1997). [Rationale for a trial of prevention of perinatal transmission of hepatitis C via specific immunoglobulins]. Transfus Clin Biol, 4(2), 213-9.

Pregnancy outcome: conditions and pregnancy

Diabetes

  1. Ballard JL, Rosenn B, Khoury JC & Miodovnik M. (1993 Jan). Diabetic fetal macrosomia: significance of disproportionate growth. J Pediatr, 122(1), 115-9.

  2. Hertel J & Kuhl C. (1986). Metabolic adaptations during the neonatal period in infants of diabetic mothers. Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh), 277, 136-40.

  3. Lemons JA, Vargas P & Delaney JJ. (1981 Feb). Infant of the diabetic mother: review of 225 cases. Obstet Gynecol, 57(2), 187-92.

Sickle cell disease

  1. Brown AK, Sleeper LA, Pegelow CH, Miller ST, Gill FM & Waclawiw MA. (1994 Nov). The influence of infant and maternal sickle cell disease on birth outcome and neonatal course. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 148(11), 1156-62.

  2. Koshy M. (1995 Sep). Sickle cell disease and pregnancy. Blood Rev, 9(3), 157-64.

  3. Smith JA, Espeland M, Bellevue R, Bonds D, Brown AK & Koshy M. (1996 Feb). Pregnancy in sickle cell disease: experience of the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease. Obstet Gynecol, 87(2), 199-204.

Pregnancy outcome: smoking, alcohol and drugs

Smoking and pregnancy

  1. Haustein KO. (1999 Sep). Cigarette smoking, nicotine and pregnancy. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 37(9), 417-27.

  2. Lightwood JM, Phibbs CS & Glantz SA. (1999 Dec). Short-term health and economic benefits of smoking cessation: low birth weight [In Process Citation]. Pediatrics, 104(6), 1312-20.

Alcohol use during pregnancy

  1. Chan DQ. (1999 Oct). Fetal alcohol syndrome. Optom Vis Sci, 76(10), 678-85.

  2. Fast DK, Conry J & Loock CA. (1999 Oct). Identifying fetal alcohol syndrome among youth in the criminal justice system [In Process Citation]. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 20(5), 370-2.

  3. Roebuck TM, Mattson SN & Riley EP. (1999 Jun). Behavioral and psychosocial profiles of alcohol-exposed children. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 23(6), 1070-6.

Drug use during pregnancy

  1. Johnson JL & Leff M. (1999 May). Children of substance abusers: overview of research findings. Pediatrics, 103(5 Pt 2), 1085-99.

  2. Malanga CJ 3rd & Kosofsky BE. (1999 Mar). Mechanisms of action of drugs of abuse on the developing fetal brain. Clin Perinatol, 26(1), 17-37, v-vi.

  3. Sherwood RA, Keating J, Kavvadia V, Greenough A & Peters TJ. (1999 Jun). Substance misuse in early pregnancy and relationship to fetal outcome. Eur J Pediatr, 158(6), 488-92.

Prevention planning

  1. Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. (1994). The Canadian guide to clinical preventive health care. Ottawa, Canada: Canada Communication Group--Publishing.

  2. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes with Lifestyle Intervention or Metformin. February 7, 2002, NEJM, Volume 346(6):393-403.

  3. Friede A, O'Carroll PW, Nicola RM, Oberle MW & Teutsch SM. (1997). CDC prevention guidelines: A guide to action. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

  4. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services--Public Health Service. (1990). Healthy people 2000: National health promotion and disease prevention objectives. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.

  5. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (1996). Guide to clinical preventive services, 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

  6. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 3rd ed. Periodic Updates. 2003. Accessed on the World Wide Web at http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/gcpspu.htm

Safety

  1. Dating Violence: Accessed on the World Wide Web Jan. 2002.

    http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/profiles/violence/default.htm

  2. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice, Violence Against Women Office. Accessed on the World Wide Web Jan. 2002.

    http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/vawo/

  3. National Center for Victims of Crime violence against women: National Women's Health Information Center. Accessed on the World Wide Web Jan. 2002.

    http://www.4women.gov

  4. National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Accessed on the World Wide Web Jan. 2002.

    http://www.ncadv.org/

  5. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Accessed on the World Wide Web Jan. 2002.

    http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/

  6. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Accessed on the World Wide Web Jan. 2002.

    http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html

  7. United States Fire Administration. Accessed on the World Wide Web Jan. 2002.

    http://www.usfa.fema.gov/

  8. U.S. Consumer Protection Safety Commission. Accessed on the World Wide Web Jan. 2002.

    http://www.cpsc.gov/

Smoking

  1. American Lung Association. "What are the Benefits of Quitting Smoking?" Accessed on the World Wide Web Sept. 2001.

    http://www.lungusa.org/tobacco/quit_ben.html

  2. Dalyl J. "What are the Effects of Nicotine?" presentation by Dr. John Dalyl, National Institutes of Health. 1997. Accessed on World Wide Web Sept. 2001.

    http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/2257/niceffects.html

  3. National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. "Clearing the Air: How to Quit Smoking...and Quit for Keeps". Accessed on World Wide Web Sept. 2001.

    http://dccps.nci.nih.gov/TCRB/Clearing_the_Air/clearing.html

  4. National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. "Why Do You Smoke?" 

  5. National Institute of Drug Abuse. "Facts About Nicotine and Tobacco Products". National Institute of Drug Abuse Notes. Volume 13, Number 3 (July, 1998). Accessed on World Wide Web. Sept. 2001.

    http://www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol13N3/tearoff.html

Author: Lambert, J.G. M.D.
Online Editor: Rademaekers, Ed
Date Last Modified: 1/25/2006